Why was Garegin Nzhdeh victorious in Syunik in 1921? Because he chose the right tactics and only relied on his army. By creating a cohesive and combat-ready national military structure and not expecting any support from anyone, he successfully repelled all the attacks of the enemy. And, most importantly, he did not believe anyone and …
We present to your attention one French miniature. It is part of the famous French manuscript collection created in 1401–1405 and called “Le Roman de Mélusine.” It is now stored in Paris in the National Library of France. The miniature depicts the founding of the Lusignan dynasty in Cilician Armenia in 1343 when Guy (Guillaume) …
On March 19, 1945, the Soviet Union declared that it intended to abandon the Soviet-Turkish Treaty of Friendship and Neutrality of 1925 since it “no longer corresponded to the international situation and there was a need for its serious improvement.” During WWII, Turkey led a pro-German foreign policy. In 1940, Ankara concluded a trade agreement …
How was the First Republic of Armenia’s independence proclaimed in May 1918? About this wrote the last prime minister of the First Republic of Armenia Simon Vratsian. “The republic was not accepted with glee, the Armenian people did not accept (the independence) with joy in their hearts as it came in the most adverse conditions. …
At the beginning of the 18th century, the Russians were struggling to strengthen their positions on the shores of the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas. In 1701, Israel Ori arrived in Russia and presented to the Russian Tsar Peter I his program for the liberation of Armenia with the support of Russia. Peter I was …
The ruins of Armenian cathedrals, churches, and temples are still standing in the lost city of Ani. Currently, the city is located in Eastern Turkey, in the territory that has been once called Western Armenia. Located near the modern Russian-Turkish border, the city is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Adventurer Jeremy Curl visited …
Large-scale excavations have been unfolding in Yerevan in recent decades. In the territory of the Erebuni fortress, during one of the excavations was discovered an ancient street dating back to the 7th century BC. Experts believe that this finding can shed light on the history of the ancient settlement that once stood on this place. …
In 550, the emperor of Byzantium Justinian I (527–565) appointed Armenian commander Nerses commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army in Italy. In 552 near Capua (city and fortress in southern Italy), Nerses Haykazn defeated the army of the Gothic King Totila (541-552), captured Rome, and conquered the Franks and Alemanni (ancient Germanic tribal alliance). In 555, …
In May 1920, the Russians without declaring war invaded the First Republic of Armenia and occupied Artsakh. Soviet Azerbaijan made decisive actions to subjugate the Armenian region. To this end, the chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan Nariman Narimanov appointed Asad Karayev as chairman of the Karabakh Revolution Committee. Karayev was tasked to coordinate …
In the spring of 1921, the Russian-Turkish Union put an end to the existence of Armenia and Georgia as independent states. On February 26, 1921, the second Russian-Turkish conference began in Moscow, the outcome of which was the signing of the Moscow Treaty on Friendship and Brotherhood on March 16. On the eve of the …
After Stalin’s death on May 30, 1953, the Soviet government, neglecting the expectations and aspirations of the Armenian people, stated that “in order to maintain good neighborly relations and strengthen peace and security, the governments of Armenia and Georgia found it possible to abandon their territorial claims on Turkey. Thus, the Soviet government declared that …
In 1920-1922, Bolshevik Russia supported and armed Kemalist Turkey, just as Putin’s Russia today is arming and supporting Azerbaijan which had been established by the Bolsheviks. In both cases, it has been done against Armenia and Armenians. On August 16-18, 1920, Russia granted the warships “Zhutkiy” (“Eerie”) and “Zhivoy” (“Living”) to Turkey for the purpose …
We present to your attention a few pages from a Turkish-Bolshevik novel. Karl Marx, the founder of the communist idea “A pious deed for Christian states would be the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.” Anastas Mikoyan, Armenian Bolshevik “Armenian chauvinists, relying on imperialist allies, are promoting a chimerical idea of creating ‘Greater Armenia’ on historical …
On March 16, 2011, on the 90th anniversary of the signing of the Russian-Turkish Moscow Treaty, the then Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan presented Russian President Dmitry Medvedev with a copy of the 1921 Moscow Treaty. Dmitry Medvedev, in his turn, gifted the Turkish prime minister one photo depicting the process of signing the …
From September 1 to 8 in 1920, the First Congress of the Peoples of the East was held in Baku. One of the organizers of the Armenian Genocide, Enver Pasha, took part in the congress. If we do not give a political assessment of the activities of the Bolsheviks and further non-Bolsheviks, we can never …
On March 16, 1921, the Moscow Treaty was concluded between the nationalist government of Turkey and Bolshevik Russia. One of the results of this treaty would become the division of Armenia between Russia and Turkey. American politician, US ambassador to Germany in 1913-1917, and Democrat James Gerald (1867-1951) wrote: “On March 16, 1921, the Bolsheviks …
Below, we present the memoirs of the Prime Minister of the First Republic of Armenia Alexander Khatisian on the difficult situation in which Armenians ended up as a result of the Russian-Turkish war. He also covered the lack of prudence of the Russian side towards Armenians and the justified caution of the Georgians. “In 1915, …
We present to your attention an excerpt from the memoirs of Turkish political scientist, writer, and surgeon Rıza Nur. This excerpt covers the Russo-Turkish negotiations held in 1920 in Moscow. “We didn’t have the necessary weapons for the war for independence, and due to this, we considered it beneficial that I leave for Russia together …