The technology of smelting iron ore remained one of antiquity’s greatest secrets for a long time. Renowned archaeologist Gordon Childe noted, “An effective method of smelting iron was discovered by Armenian highlanders and was kept secret for a long time”.
Homer and Aeschylus referred to Armenia as the birthplace of iron. Greek authors Euripides and Xenophon praised its highest quality, while Aristotle remarked that Armenian iron “practically does not rust.” This remarkable property of Armenian iron has been lost to time, but its legacy endures.
German specialist Karl Bax believes that the spread of iron technology should be viewed in the context of the migration of Armenian tribes, whom he called “the greatest miners in history.” These tribes, known in Europe as dwarfs due to their small stature, are thought to have inspired the Central European myth of gnome miners.
Humanity became acquainted with iron, primarily meteorite and native iron, quite early. However, the technology for mining and smelting iron ore dates back only to the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. This innovation marked a significant advancement in metallurgy and had a profound impact on ancient societies.
Armenia is rich in archaeological sites that provide evidence of its ancient iron-smelting prowess. Notable among these is the Lchashen settlement on the shores of Lake Sevan. Enclosed by cyclopean masonry, this site dates back to the 3rd millennium BC and reached its peak during the Iron Age. It stands as a testament to the advanced metallurgical skills of ancient Armenians.
The story of Armenian iron smelting is a fascinating chapter in the history of metallurgy. It highlights the ingenuity and resourcefulness of the Armenian highlanders, whose secret techniques laid the foundation for the widespread use of iron in the ancient world.
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