The Origin of Gothic Architecture: Tracing Its Roots to Armenia

Armenian Christian architecture stands as a testament to the nation’s unique cultural and historical identity. Unlike pre-Christian monuments influenced by Assyrian-Babylonian, Greek, or Roman styles, Armenian Christian architecture is distinctly original. Some art historians even propose that Armenian Christian architecture served as a prototype for the Gothic architecture that flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval periods.

The Cathedrals of Ancient Ani

The medieval city of Ani, once the capital of the Armenian Kingdom, holds significant architectural treasures. French historian, architect, and archaeologist Charles Texier, along with Polish-Austrian art historian Josef Strzygowski, conducted extensive research on Ani’s cathedrals. Their studies led them to conclude that they had discovered the oldest Gothic arch within these ancient structures.

One notable example is the Church of St. Hripsime near Echmiadzin, the Armenian religious center. Originally built in the fourth century A.D. and restored in 618, this church exhibits a style that later evolved into Romanesque architecture. The Cathedral of Ani, constructed between 980 and 1012 A.D., is another significant example. Its Gothic style suggests that this architectural form may have spread from Armenia to Marseille, France, and other European cities.

Influence on Byzantine and European Architecture

The ideas of Charles Diehl, although not entirely aligned with Strzygowski’s, also highlight the influence of Armenian architecture on Byzantine styles. Diehl asserts that the origins of the Byzantine-Romanesque style can be traced back to Armenian architecture.

Strzygowski further claims that several European cathedrals, including Aachen Cathedral in Germany, Hermine-des-Prés Cathedral near Orleans, France, San Matteo in Milan, Italy, and St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, reflect Armenian architectural influences rather than Byzantine. He also identified Armenian art influences in Crete, Greece, Dalmatia, and other coastal areas of Italy.

Gothic and Saracen or Moorish Architecture

The 19th-century English geologist William John Hamilton, who extensively surveyed Asia Minor, Pontus, and Armenia, suggested that not only Gothic architecture but also Saracen or Moorish architecture has roots in Armenia. This theory is supported by Austen H. Layard, an eminent English archaeologist, who believed that the European Gothic style originated in Armenia and spread to Europe through the Crusaders and Arabs.

Henry Finnis Blos Lynch, in his two-volume book on Armenia published in 1901, explored the architecture of the Akhtamar Cathedral on Lake Van. He proposed linking Armenian architectural influences with ancient Assyrian-Babylonian styles and Byzantine and Moorish architecture. Lynch highlighted the Cathedral of Saint Saba in Georgia, built-in 1334 by Armenian architect Atabeg Sarkis, as an excellent example of Armenian style.

The architectural heritage of Armenia, particularly its Christian monuments, offers a fascinating glimpse into the origins of Gothic architecture. The contributions of historians and archaeologists like Texier, Strzygowski, Diehl, Hamilton, Layard, and Lynch underscore the profound impact of Armenian architecture on developing European and Byzantine styles. As we explore these ancient structures, we uncover the rich tapestry of cultural exchange and innovation that shaped the architectural marvels of the medieval world.

Note: This article explores the origins and influence of Armenian architecture on Gothic and other architectural styles, highlighting the contributions of key historians and archaeologists.

Artatsolum

Sources:

• historyofarmenia.org
• Highlights of Armenian History And Its Civilization, H.B. Boghosian, Ph.D, 1957.
• Charles Die Manuel D’Art Byzantine, Vol. I, p. 478 Paris, 1925.
• Der Dom Zer Achen und Seine Enstelling, Vienna, 1904.
• J. Strzygowski-Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa, p. 745, Vienna, 1918.
• A. Choisy – Histoire de L’Architecture, Vol. II, p. 84 Paris 1899.
• Austin H. Layard-Discoveries Among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, N. Y., G. P. Putnam & Co., pp. 20, 35-36, I 99-414, 549.
• W. J. Hamilton- Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia, pp. 200-201.
• F. Lynch, Armenia, Travels and Studies, Vo II, pp. 34 32.
• F. Lynch, Armenia, Travels and Studies, Vol. I, pp. 63, 72-373, 390-391.