The Armenian Highlands (South Caucasus) have long been a focal point for understanding the evolution of ancient human groups. By examining both genomic characterisation of human remains and archaeological assemblages, researchers can gain a comprehensive view of the region’s history from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Neolithic periods.
Upper Palaeolithic: Before the Last Glacial Maximum
Before the Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 40-23 ka cal BP), genetic and archaeological data reveal the unique characteristics of the populations in the Armenian Highlands, known as the Caucasus_UP genome. These populations were distinct from their neighbours in Southeast Europe and Southwest Asia, yet there were notable links between these regions. This period highlights the originality and interconnectedness of the ancient inhabitants of the Armenian Highlands.
Post-LGM Phase: Continuity and Cultural Exchange
During the post-LGM phase (ca. 20.9-11.7 ka cal BP), archaeological evidence suggests a continuity with the previous period, particularly during the cold phase of the Oldest Dryas. This was followed by increased interactions with the Zarzian culture in the Zagros region, coinciding with the warming of the Bølling-Allerød. Genetic analyses from this phase reveal the emergence of the Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) genome, closely related to the ancestors of the Neolithic populations in the Zagros.
Early Holocene: Genetic and Cultural Diffusion
In the Early Holocene (ca. 11.7-8.2 ka cal BP or 9700-6200 cal BCE), the CHG genome continued to characterise the populations of the Armenian Highlands. However, it became difficult to distinguish from the genome of the Zagros (Iran_N) in genetic modelling. Archaeological data indicate that the spread of the Iran_N/CHG gene pool to Upper Mesopotamia and Central Anatolia was primarily driven by populations from the northwest Zagros, with the Armenian Highlands maintaining only occasional contacts with the Fertile Crescent.
Middle Holocene: Arrival of New Techniques and Domestication
At the beginning of the Middle Holocene (ca. 8.2-7.2 ka cal BP or 6200-5200 cal BCE), the Armenian Highlands saw the introduction of highly domesticated animals and plants, as well as new techniques such as pressure knapping with a lever and pottery. Genetic analyses confirm that these innovations were brought by populations from the Fertile Crescent. Importantly, these analyses also show that there was no replacement of local Mesolithic communities by Neolithic farmers, a conclusion supported by archaeological evidence.
Conclusion
The intersection of genetic and archaeological data provides a nuanced understanding of the Armenian Highlands’ history from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Neolithic. This dialogue between disciplines reveals the region’s unique genetic makeup, cultural exchanges, and the gradual diffusion of innovations, painting a comprehensive picture of the ancient human groups that once thrived in this area.
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