Around 825-810 BC, the ruler of Tushpa-Van (Tosp) was the son of Sarduri I, King Ishpuini. The reforms initiated under Ishpuini and continued during the reign of Menua played a crucial role in the development of the Kingdom of Van and its emergence as a regional power.
The reforms carried out during the first stage of Ishpuini’s reign were associated solely with his name. However, in the second stage, his son Menua also acted as a co-author, as evidenced by the joint inscriptions they left behind.
If the written reform and the creation of local cuneiform were carried out at the beginning of Ishpuini’s reign, then the religious reform—the creation of a unified pantheon for the entire kingdom—was implemented in the second stage of his reign.
This is why the establishment of the pantheon on the “Gates of Khaldi,” later known as the “Door of Mher,” was carried out under the names of both Ishpuini and Menua. All the deities of the countries of the former Nairian Union were united in the pantheon, which essentially became the southern Armenian pantheon of the 9th century BC.
Under Ishpuini, military reforms began and continued under Menua. The former federal cavalry was replaced by a professional regular army, divided into branches. The army was also re-equipped, and other measures were taken. Thanks to these reforms, Ishpuini recorded his first major successes, expanding the borders of his country in the basin of Lake Urmia in the late 820s BC.
He annexed the country of Ardini-Musasir to the kingdom and made its center the spiritual hub of the state. Later, Ishpuini organized campaigns to the sources of the Aratsani River and the upper borders of the Araks River, clashing with the forces of the Etuin state. As a result, the king established the Haykakan Par mountain range as the northern border of his kingdom. He then conquered the territory from the Kotur-Vaspurakan mountains to the Araks and carried out construction work on the Makvi field. This was followed by campaigns in Syunik, from the Araks valleys to the east, from the basin of Lake Urmia to the south, to the land of Parsua.
Ishpuini’s reign marked a period of significant development and consolidation for the Kingdom of Van, laying the foundation for its future as a powerful regional entity.
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