SOVIETIZATION OF ARMENIA

SOVIETIZATION OF ARMENIA, THE RENUNCIATION BY THE AZERBAIJANI SSR OF DISPUTED TERRITORIES IN FAVOR OF THE ARMENIAN SSR, AND THE RECOGNITION OF THE ARMENIAN PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO “FULL” SELF-DETERMINATION IN NAGORNO-KARABAKH. RESOLUTION OF THE TERRITORIAL DISPUTE THROUGH THE RECOGNITION OF NAGORNO-KARABAKH AS AN INSEPARABLE PART OF THE SOVIET STATE

DECLARATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF SOVIET AZERBAIJAN ON THE RENUNCIATION OF TERRITORIAL CLAIMS AGAINST THE ARMENIAN SSR, ANNOUNCED BY N. NARIMANOV AT THE SESSION OF THE BAKU SOVIET November 30, as published on December 2, 1920

With profound attention, the proletarian public listens to the momentous developments unfolding in Armenia. The first speech is delivered by the head of the Azerbaijani government, N. Narimanov, who, following his address, proclaims the following declaration:

“The Government of Soviet Azerbaijan, with deep joy, salutes the heroic efforts currently undertaken by the Armenian working people in their struggle against the hated yoke of the Dashnak government, which for over two years has driven Armenia into utter ruin and despair. The period of Dashnak rule was one of bloody bacchanalia, of interethnic slaughter, during which both Armenian and Muslim peoples bled profusely. The Musavat and Dashnak governments, having sold themselves to the Entente, turned the peoples into blind instruments of imperialist ambition, inciting one nation against another and fabricating the Karabakh, Zangezur, Nakhichevan, and other territorial disputes that could not be resolved by the reactionary Dashnak-Musavat alliance. Hundreds of destroyed villages, tens and hundreds of thousands of destitute, starving, and displaced people—these are the living witnesses of a recent past in which a handful of adventurers, lackeys of the global bourgeoisie, condemned multitudes to cold, hunger, and death for their own selfish gain. Soviet Azerbaijan, in solidarity with the struggle of the fraternal Armenian working people against Dashnak rule—which has shed and continues to shed the innocent blood of our finest communist comrades in Armenia and Zangezur—declares that henceforth no territorial question shall serve as a pretext for mutual bloodshed between the two age-old neighboring peoples: Armenians and Muslims. The working peasantry of Nagorno-Karabakh is granted full right to self-determination; all military operations within Zangezur are to be halted, and the troops of Soviet Azerbaijan are to be withdrawn. Furthermore, Soviet Azerbaijan opens wide its gates to Soviet Armenia, granting access to its inexhaustible wealth—oil, kerosene, and other resources. These riches, once plundered by the predators of global imperialism and the cause of bloody orgies across Transcaucasia, now become the shared property of the working peoples of Russia, Soviet Azerbaijan, and Soviet Armenia, who, united in close ranks, shall march toward the final defeat of world capital’s yoke. Long live the fraternal union of the working peoples of Soviet Armenia and Azerbaijan! Long live the world revolution, bringing peace, brotherhood, and liberation to the oppressed of the earth!”

The reading of the declaration is repeatedly interrupted by thunderous applause and cries of “Hurrah!” Comrade Bekzadyan delivers greetings on behalf of the Revolutionary Committee of Soviet Armenia. Following speeches by comrades S. Ordzhonikidze, Mikhailov (Revolutionary Military Council of the 11th Army), and Kaminsky (Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan), the following resolution is unanimously adopted:

“The solemn session of the Baku Soviet and the Azerbaijan Revolutionary Committee, together with all workers’ and Red Army organizations, with genuine proletarian joy, marks the victory of the Soviet revolution in Armenia, and wholeheartedly endorses the historic declaration proclaimed by Comrade Narimanov. This declaration, which forever eliminates age-old interethnic strife and bloody wars between Armenia and the Muslim world, opens a new chapter of peaceful life in the history of the peoples of Transcaucasia and the entire East. Long live peace and brotherhood among the working peoples of Transcaucasia! Long live the Union of Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia!”

Published in: Gazeta “Kommunist” (Baku), December 2, 1920; Gazeta “Kommunist” (Yerevan), December 2, 1920. Also published in: The Great October Socialist Revolution and the Victory of Soviet Power in Armenia, Yerevan, 1957, pp. 437–438; Bulletin of the Archives of Armenia, 1989, No. 1, pp. 124–125. (Emphasis added – Yu.B.)

Document No. 631 TRANSCRIPT OF A DIRECT LINE CONVERSATION BETWEEN G. ORDZHONIKIDZE, MEMBER OF THE CAUCASUS BUREAU OF THE RCP(B) AND THE REVOLUTIONARY MILITARY COUNCIL OF THE CAUCASUS FRONT, AND A. NAZARETYAN, SECRETARY OF THE CAUCASUS BUREAU OF THE RCP(B), REGARDING THE SOVIETIZATION OF ARMENIA, AZERBAIJAN’S RENUNCIATION OF ZANGEZUR AND NAKHICHEVAN, AND THE GRANTING OF SELF-DETERMINATION TO THE ARMENIANS OF NAGORNO-KARABAKH November 30, 1920 Dated by content

“Today in Baku, a ceremonial session of the Soviet was held, during which Narimanov read the declaration of the Azerbaijani government stating that there are no longer borders between Soviet Armenia and Azerbaijan, and that henceforth Zangezur and Nakhichevan are inseparable parts of Soviet Armenia. The Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh are granted the right to self-determination. The wealth of Azerbaijan—oil and kerosene—is declared the common property of both allied republics. The session was held in high spirits, attended by the same enthusiastic crowds of Red Army soldiers and workers. Tomorrow, a second group of comrades departs, bringing with them kerosene, textiles, and other goods. Make sure this is widely publicized in the newspapers.”

RGASPI, f. 85, op. 14, d. 37, pp. 1–2. Telegraph tape. (Emphasis added – Yu.B.)

APPEAL BY THE CHAIRMAN OF THE AZERBAIJANI REVOLUTIONARY COMMITTEE N. NARIMANOV AND PEOPLE’S COMMISSAR FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS M. GUSEINOV

On the Resolution of Territorial Disputes with Armenia and the Recognition of Nagorno-Karabakh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan as Integral Parts of Soviet Armenia November 30, 1920

To all, to all, to all!

On behalf of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Azerbaijan, announce to the Armenian people the decision of the Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee dated November 30:

“The Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of Azerbaijan, having received with joy the news from the insurgent peasantry of the proclamation of Armenia as a Socialist Soviet Republic, salutes the victory of the fraternal people. As of today, all border disputes between Armenia and Azerbaijan are declared resolved. Nagorno-Karabakh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan are recognized as part of the Armenian Socialist Republic. Long live the brotherhood and union of the workers and peasants of Soviet Armenia and Azerbaijan!”

Chairman of the Azerbaijani Revolutionary Committee – Narimanov People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs – Guseinov

Published in: Gazeta “Kommunist” (Yerevan), December 7, 1920. Translated from Armenian. Also published in: Bulletin of the Archives of Armenia, 1989, No. 2, Doc. No. 1, p. 68. (Emphasis added – Yu.B.)

DOCUMENT NO. 633

Official Report in the Newspaper “Kommunist” on the Resolution of the Government of Soviet Azerbaijan Regarding the Transfer of Nagorno-Karabakh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan to Soviet Armenia November 30, 1920

Plenipotentiary Representative of the RSFSR, Comrade Legrand, received notification from the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) that the Soviet Government of Azerbaijan had adopted a resolution transferring the disputed territories of Zangezur, Nakhichevan, and Nagorno-Karabakh to Soviet Armenia.

Published in: “Kommunist” (Yerevan), December 1, 1920, No. 1. Also published in: Bulletin of the Archives of Armenia, 1989, No. 2, Doc. No. 2, p. 69. (Emphasis added – Yu.B.)

DOCUMENT NO. 634

Draft Telegram from G. ORDZHONIKIDZE, Member of the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) and the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caucasus Front, to B. LEGRAND, Plenipotentiary Representative of the RSFSR in Armenia, and G. CHICHERIN, People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Regarding the Sovietization of Armenia and the Transfer of Nakhichevan, Zangezur, and Nagorno-Karabakh by Soviet Azerbaijan November 31, 1920 (Dated by content)

Re: No. 50/183 – I report that delaying the advance of the Revolutionary Committee is neither possible nor advantageous, especially as everything is proceeding painlessly. Armenian units are joining the insurgents, and not a single shot has been fired. Azerbaijan has already responded and transferred Nakhichevan, Zangezur, and Nagorno-Karabakh to Soviet Armenia.

RGASPI, f. 85, op. 14, d. 33, pp. 11–13. Original. Autograph in pencil. (Emphasis added – Yu.B.)

DOCUMENT NO. 635

Speech by G. ORDZHONIKIDZE at the Ceremonial Session of the Baku Soviet on Azerbaijan’s Renunciation of Zangezur, Nakhichevan, and Karabakh in Favor of Armenia Baku, December 1, 1920

Comrades! Today, Soviet Azerbaijan, represented by Comrade Narimanov, has demonstrated to the entire world—and above all to the workers and peasants of Armenia—that only Soviet power is capable of resolving the accursed questions of interethnic strife, which have plagued this region and the world at large. Comrade Narimanov’s speech was particularly telling. He read us his declaration. For the Russian ear, unfamiliar with the meaning of these names, Zangezur, Nakhichevan, and Karabakh mean nothing. Some place called Zangezur—barren mountains, no bread, no water. There is nothing there. Some Nakhichevan—swamps, malaria, and little else. Some Nagorno-Karabakh—what is there in Karabakh? Nothing at all. And yet Comrade Narimanov says: “Take them. Take these barren lands for Armenia.” As if Soviet Azerbaijan were shedding an unnecessary burden. But no! In these districts, in these barren lands, lies the knot of the so-called Armenian-Muslim question here in Transcaucasia—the very question that has been the source of horrors, the question that has pitted Muslim worker against Armenian worker in mutual destruction. Since 1905, the blood of these unfortunate peoples has been shed. Thousands were mercilessly slaughtered. I myself witnessed how innocent children, who had harmed no one, were thrown into ravines, and how defenseless women were cast into wells to perish in agony. This was done by Muslims under the leadership of the Musavatists and by Armenians under the leadership of the Dashnaks. And now, today, the head of the Azerbaijani Republic comes forward and says: “This terrible question no longer exists.” (Loud applause.) There is no longer enmity between Muslims and Armenians. Muslims and Armenians—these toilers—are henceforth brothers under the red banners of Soviet power. (Applause.) This act, read here today, is of the utmost importance. It is a historic act without precedent in the history of humankind…

Published in: “Kommunist” (Baku), December 6, 1920, No. 181; Also in: G.K. Ordzhonikidze, Articles and Speeches, Vol. I, Moscow, 1956, pp. 140–141.

RECOGNITION OF TERRITORIES UNDISPUTEDLY BELONGING TO ARMENIA

According to the Agreement Between the Plenipotentiary Representative of the RSFSR and the Government of Armenia December 2, 1920

1. Armenia is proclaimed an independent Socialist Soviet Republic. […]
2. The Soviet Government of Russia recognizes that the following territories indisputably form part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia: the Erivan Governorate with all its districts; part of the Kars Oblast which, from a military standpoint, ensures control over the railway line from the Djadjur station to the Araz station; the Zangezur district of the Elizavetpol Governorate, with borders defined by the agreement of August 10; and those parts of the Tiflis Governorate that belonged to Armenia prior to September 28. […]

Published in: Collection of Valid Treaties, Agreements, and Conventions Concluded by the RSFSR with Foreign States, Vol. 3, Moscow, 1922, No. 79, pp. 14–15; Yu.V. Klyuchnikov and A.V. Sabanin, Modern International Politics in Treaties, Notes, and Declarations, Part III, Vol. 1, Moscow, 1928, pp. 75–76.

DOCUMENT NO. 637

Telegram from G. Ordzhonikidze to V. Lenin and J. Stalin on the Sovietization of Armenia and the Transfer by the Azerbaijani SSR of Nakhichevan, Zangezur, and Nagorno-Karabakh to the Armenian SSR Baku, December 2, 1920

Please convey the following to Comrades Lenin and Stalin: A message has just been received from Erivan stating that Soviet power has been proclaimed there and the old government has been removed… Yesterday, Azerbaijan officially declared the transfer of Nakhichevan, Zangezur, and Nagorno-Karabakh to Soviet Armenia.

— Ordzhonikidze

RGASPI, f. 558, op. 1, d. 3318, pp. 1–2. Original manuscript. Published in: Pravda (Moscow), December 4, 1920; G.K. Ordzhonikidze, Selected Works, Yerevan, 1986, p. 116. (Emphasis added – Yu.B.)

DOCUMENT NO. 638

Radiogram from B. Legrand, Plenipotentiary Representative of the RSFSR in Armenia, to G. Ordzhonikidze, Member of the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) and the Revolutionary Military Council of the Caucasus Front, on the Sovietization of Armenia and Its Territorial Composition December 3, 1920

On behalf of the Russian Soviet Government, I have declared the following: Russia unconditionally recognizes as part of Soviet Armenia the Erivan Governorate, part of the Kars region that ensures military control and both railway lines* passing through Alexandropol to Erivan and Karaklis**, the Zangezur district, part of the Kazakh frontier as defined by the August 10 agreement, and those parts of the Tiflis region that were under Armenian control prior to the Turkish offensive. The order for the release of communists has been issued and is being carried out. […]

RGASPI, f. 85, op. 14, d. 33, pp. 16–16 verso. Certified copy.

• In the document: “Obzherdor lines.” ** “Kazakh” is crossed out.

DOCUMENT NO. 639

Article by J. Stalin Presenting His Version of the “Resolution” of the Armenian Question and the Transfer by Azerbaijan of Zangezur, Nakhichevan, and Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia December 4, 1920

Armenia—exhausted and long-suffering, abandoned to famine, ruin, and exile by the mercy of the Entente and the Dashnaks—this Armenia, deceived by all its so-called “friends,” has now found its salvation in proclaiming itself a Soviet country. Neither the false assurances of England, the “centuries-old protector” of Armenian interests, nor Wilson’s much-vaunted Fourteen Points, nor the grandiose promises of the League of Nations with its “mandate” over Armenia could (or ever could have) saved Armenia from massacre and physical annihilation. Only the idea of Soviet power has brought Armenia peace and the possibility of national renewal. […] On November 30, a telegram of greeting was received from the Armenian Revolutionary Committee addressed to Comrade Lenin, announcing the birth of Soviet Armenia and the occupation of the city of Dilijan by the Revkom. On December 1, Soviet Azerbaijan voluntarily renounced its claims to the disputed provinces and declared the transfer of Zangezur, Nakhichevan, and Nagorno-Karabakh to Soviet Armenia. […] The centuries-old enmity between Armenia and the surrounding Muslim peoples was resolved in a single stroke—through the establishment of fraternal solidarity among the working people of Armenia, Turkey, and Azerbaijan. Let all who need to know be informed: the so-called “Armenian Question,” over which the old wolves of imperialist diplomacy had long wracked their brains in vain, has proven solvable only by Soviet power.

Long live Soviet Armenia!

— J. Stalin

Published in: Pravda, No. 273, December 4, 1920; J. Stalin, Collected Works, Vol. 4, Moscow, 1954, pp. 413–414. (Emphasis added – Yu.B.)

COMMUNICATION FROM THE PRESS BUREAU OF THE RSFSR PLENIPOTENTIARY REPRESENTATION IN GEORGIA

On the Transfer of Zangezur, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Nakhichevan to Soviet Armenia December 5, 1920

Moscow, December 5 (radio dispatch) — Upon receiving news of the political upheaval in Armenia and the establishment of Soviet power there, the Soviet Government of Russia immediately resolved to transfer the disputed regions of Zangezur, Nagorno-Karabakh, and Nakhichevan to Soviet Armenia.

Published in: Gazeta “Slovo,” December 7, 1920.

DOCUMENT NO. 641

NOTE FROM THE GOVERNMENT OF THE GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF TURKEY TO RSFSR PEOPLE’S COMMISSAR FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS G. CHICHERIN Protesting the Transfer of the Disputed Territories of Karabakh and Nakhichevan to Soviet Armenia as a Violation of the Right to National Self-Determination and Rejecting All Historical Claims to Their Belonging Kars, December 21, 1920

[…] As for us, we believe that the cession of the aforementioned regions to Armenia violates the right of peoples to self-determination and will inevitably provoke a series of armed clashes between the local population and the Armenian occupiers… Particularly telling are the harsh repressions against the inhabitants of Nakhichevan… Karabakh and other areas, handed over to Armenia without any justification… We also categorically reject any arguments based on history that may be presented to us…

We do not believe in the sincerity of the Armenians’ turn to communism; we consider it a theatrical gesture aimed at securing Russia’s support after losing that of England. The expansion of Armenia under such conditions, bringing it closer to England’s presence in Mesopotamia, may result in unpleasant surprises for the governments of Moscow and Ankara. On the other hand, we cannot accept that even a sincere embrace of communism by one nation should be rewarded with the gift of Turkish territories… […]

People’s Commissar of the National Turkish Government — Ahmed Mukhtar Kars, December 21, 1920 Transmitted by P. Mdivani Note: “Telegram heavily distorted.” RGASPI, f. 5, op. 1, d. 2203, pp. 25–26. Copy. (Emphasis added – Yu.B.)

• Transmitted via telegram by P. Mdivani on January 1, 1921. ** Further commentary on the anticipated consequences of this move for England and the Constantinople government omitted.

DOCUMENT NO. 642

Letter from B. LEGRAND, Plenipotentiary Representative of the RSFSR in Armenia, to People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs G. CHICHERIN On Turkish Distrust Toward RSFSR Policy and the Need to Appease Them at the Expense of Soviet Armenia’s Territory December 22, 1920

[…] The establishment of Soviet Armenia and our friendly mediation on its behalf are apparently being interpreted by the Turks as an attempt by Soviet Russia to create a buffer in Armenia capable of countering Turkey’s influence over the Muslim nations of the Caucasus.

It is quite clear that the Turks’ current declarations of distrust toward Soviet Armenia, Armenian communists, and so forth—while reflecting their historical national ideology—primarily serve to mask their deeper mistrust of Soviet Russia’s policies in the Caucasus. This is what presently defines their stance toward the Armenians.

It seems to me that the Turks would prefer to remove us from direct activity in the East, leaving us to pursue revolutionary efforts in the West.

If it turns out that the Turks are capable of exerting revolutionary pressure on neighboring Muslim countries, of igniting a revolutionary movement in the East, that would be excellent. In that case, they should be granted freedom of independent action—given Nakhichevan, allowed to push back Soviet Armenia, and so forth… […]

RGASPI, f. 5, op. 1, d. 2127, pp. 2–6. Copy. (Emphasis added – Yu.B.) 643

Yuri Barsegov “Nagorno-Karabakh in International Law and Global Politics”

Artatsolum

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