MESSAGE TO THE DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVE

OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA IN AZERBAIJAN REGARDING THE ARMENIAN REPULSE OF AZERBAIJANI OFFENSIVES AGAINST ZANGEZUR AND KARABAKH April 4, 1920

Two reports dated March 31 have been received from Gerus. The first states:

“Azerbaijani forces, deploying substantial contingents of three branches of arms and ten artillery pieces, launched an offensive in three directions: from Minkend toward Gerus, from Kerlar toward Alikuliushagi, and from Jebrail toward Kapan. In the first two directions, all attacks were repelled and the Azerbaijani advance was halted. In the Kapan sector, Armenian forces composed of local inhabitants were initially pushed back from the heights of Ayndag, but on March 25 the enemy was driven out and the position restored. On March 26, Armenians repelled heavy attacks by Azerbaijani troops, launched a counteroffensive from Dygha to Gharitiz, and with a decisive thrust broke through the enemy front from Bagir-Beklu to Mashhutlu, advancing successfully. As a result, Armenian forces linked up with Karabakh in the direction of Khtsaberd. Karabakh Armenians captured Askeran, seized one cannon and two machine guns, and surrounded the village of Malibeklu (enemy headquarters), Khankendi, and Shushi, advancing along the highway to unite with Zangezur. Despite extremely adverse climatic and food conditions, the Armenian population is heroically defending its freedom.”

The second report reads:

“The valiant sons of Zangezur and Karabakh are performing miracles. On all Zangezur and Karabakh fronts, brilliant successes have been achieved. All Azerbaijani attacks have been repelled; having transitioned to counteroffensive, the peasantry has routed Azerbaijani forces, taken prisoners, and is pursuing the enemy. The territory between Karabakh and Zangezur is now held by Armenian peasants. Domirchlar, Kubatlu, Dondarlu, Khachelaz, Zangelan up to Bartaz have been taken, as well as the renowned villages of Markiz and Avdalyar. The highway to Shushi is under Armenian control. Fighting continues on all fronts. Askeran is in the hands of Karabakh peasants. Repeated Azerbaijani assaults have been repelled at the fortifications of Askeran. Malibeklu, Khankendi, and Shushi are encircled by Karabakh peasants. Today, the brave Zangezur peasants crossed into Khtsaberd and joined forces with the Karabakh Armenians. Conversely, the Kalantarasin peasants from Karabakh have entered Zangezur. The fighting continues.”

Source: Central State Historical Archive of Armenia (CSHA), Fund 200, Inventory 1, File 563, Sheet 44. Typescript. Published in: Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918–1923, Yerevan, 1992, Document No. 278.

APPEAL FROM THE PRIME MINISTER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMENIA

TO THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF AZERBAIJAN URGING RESTRAINT FROM ATTEMPTS TO RESOLVE THE KARABAKH QUESTION BY FORCE No. 2262 — April 9, 1920

In response to your telegram No. 2368, I report that on the morning of the 5th, Tatar forces, without any justification, occupied the heights of Pravkar and Kabakhtapa and launched an attack on the village of Tatlykend. […]

My government simultaneously expresses its firm conviction that your government, in the interest of strengthening peace in the Transcaucasus and on the eve of the opening of the conference in Tiflis—intended to resolve all disputes among the three neighboring republics—will likewise refrain from any further intention to resolve the Karabakh question by means of armed force, halting the advance of Azerbaijani troops and seeking a peaceful resolution to the ongoing bloodshed.* In the interest of regional peace, my government awaits your response.

*As written in the original — Ed.

Source: Central State Historical Archive of Armenia (CSHA), Fund 200, Inventory 1, File 528, Sheet 8. Certified copy. Typescript. Published in: Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918–1923, Yerevan, 1992, Document No. 285.

LETTER FROM THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF ARMENIA

TO THE PRIME MINISTER REGARDING AZERBAIJAN’S REFUSAL TO INCLUDE THE KARABAKH QUESTION IN THE AGENDA OF THE TRANSCAUCASIAN CONFERENCE AND THE URGENT NEED TO TAKE MEASURES TO SAVE THE ARMENIANS OF KARABAKH Tiflis, April 10, 1920

[…] The situation is critical. Letters from M. Arutyunyan shed light on the atrocities recently committed by Tatars in silence—Karabakh is engulfed in flames, all villages from Askeran to Shushi, including Shushi itself, are burning. The Azerbaijani government refuses to halt its actions and has even declined to place the Karabakh issue on the conference agenda. Its delegation consulted with its government and received a reply that only today, April 10, the convention will convene and a response will be given in the evening—delaying for another two days to complete the destruction of the Karabakh population and thereby “resolve” the question.

Our government must take the most decisive measures and be prepared to declare war. I am sending you a copy of my latest note to the Allied representatives, in which I hint at this possibility. I await your instructions.

The Allied representatives remain largely indifferent to what is unfolding. Wardrop is ill and not receiving visitors. Gaskell has washed his hands of the matter and is displeased with our government. De Martel and Gabbe offer kind words and assurances, but are entirely powerless. Today I will again appeal to them personally, asking them to speak out and not remain passive spectators to these events. I intend to request that, if not they themselves, then the conference must speak out to Azerbaijan. […]

Minister of Foreign Affairs, A. Ohandjanian CSHA Armenia, Fund 200, Inventory 1, File 563, Sheets 106–107. Autograph. Published in: Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918–1923, Yerevan, 1992, Document No. 286.

TELEGRAM FROM THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE KARABAKH ARMENIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL

TO ALL PARLIAMENTARY FACTIONS OF ARMENIA REGARDING THE MASSACRE OF THE POPULATION AND DESTRUCTION OF THE ARMENIAN QUARTER OF SHUSHI BY AZERBAIJANI TROOPS April 10, 1920

On March 23, the entire Armenian quarter of the city of Shushi, along with its population, was annihilated and burned. On April 3, Azerbaijani forces broke through Askeran. The surrounding areas are ablaze, and bombardment continues along the entire Armenian line in Karabakh. With only local and limited reinforcements, it is utterly impossible not only to defend but even to save any district from total massacre. All of Karabakh faces imminent slaughter. We earnestly appeal for every possible urgent measure, including intervention by external representatives, to prevent the annihilation of the entire Armenian population of Karabakh. Please respond by telegram.

Representative Aslan Shakhnazaryan CSHA Armenia, Fund 200, Inventory 1, File 423, Sheet 9. Original manuscript. Published in: Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918–1923, Yerevan, 1992, Document No. 287.

LETTER FROM THE PRIME MINISTER OF THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMENIA

TO THE HEAD OF THE ARMENIAN DELEGATION AT THE TRANSCAUCASIAN CONFERENCE* ON THE ARMENIAN GOVERNMENT’S RECOGNITION OF THE BINDING FORCE OF THE AGREEMENT TO END BLOODSHED IN KARABAKH No. 2300 — Erivan, April 13, 1920

Remaining steadfast in its commitment to the peaceful resolution of all disputes, and fully recognizing that such matters must not—and cannot—be resolved through the use of force, the Government of Armenia, which has not initiated any hostile actions, hereby affirms its full acceptance of the resolution adopted by the Transcaucasian Conference on April 11 of this year.

The Government is fully prepared to implement an immediate cessation of the ongoing, senseless bloodshed that threatens the stability and welfare of the entire Transcaucasus. Its primary concern is to ensure that the resolution in question is accorded its due weight, with firm guarantees for the literal and exact fulfillment of the agreement’s terms by both parties. […]

Source: Central State Historical Archive of Armenia (CSHA), Fund 200, Inventory 1, File 563, Sheet 96. Certified copy. Typescript. Published in: Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918–1923, Yerevan, 1992, Document No. 288. (Emphasis added — Y.B.) *Copy also forwarded to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia.

LETTER FROM THE DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVE OF ARMENIA IN GEORGIA

TO THE HEAD OF THE ARMENIAN DELEGATION AT THE TRANSCAUCASIAN CONFERENCE REGARDING THE ONGOING MASS EXTERMINATION OF THE ARMENIAN POPULATION OF SHUSHI AND OTHER TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF KARABAKH No. 1424 — Tiflis, April 14, 1920

According to reliable information I have received, in recent days there has been widespread extermination of the Armenian population throughout Azerbaijan and Karabakh by Azerbaijani troops and armed bands. This destruction continues unabated, despite the opening of the Transcaucasian Conference.

In the Elizavetpol district, the villages of Karachinar, Paris, Manasbek, Upper Agdzhgala, Lower Agdzhgala, Erkedj, Ablakh, Karadaglu, Armavir, Suluk, and parts of the large village of Getashen (Chaykend) have been annihilated. The residents of these villages, who remained loyal and surrendered their weapons, were massacred after disarmament—except for small groups who managed to escape into the forests. The villages themselves were so thoroughly destroyed that in some cases no trace remains.

In the Nukha and Arash districts, where remnants of the Armenian population—up to 20,000 people—had survived the Turkish invasion (from a pre-invasion population of 50,000), they had lived in complete subjugation to the local Tatars for two years, unarmed. Now, many have been slaughtered, while a few have fled to the mountains, where they are perishing from cold and deprivation. The once large and prosperous villages of Lower Vartashen and Jalut have been entirely destroyed.

In Karabakh, the Armenian population of the city of Shushi has been completely exterminated. The Armenian quarter of the city has been burned, and the surrounding villages devastated. All settlements from Askeran to Shushi have been wiped out. Azerbaijani troops and bands, led by former Turkish Eastern Front Commander Khalil Pasha and General Salimov, are advancing toward Zangezur, laying waste to everything in their path. In the Khachen region, nearly all Armenian villages have been ravaged, and their unarmed inhabitants massacred en masse.

Although mass killings are not observed in the cities of Baku and Elizavetpol, daily murders of individual Armenians and various forms of violence have become routine.

Bringing these facts to your attention, I respectfully request that you inform the Transcaucasian Conference of these developments.

On behalf of the Diplomatic Representative, Prince M. Tumanov

Source: Central State Historical Archive of Armenia (CSHA), Fund 200, Inventory 1, File 563, Sheets 69 and verso. Certified copy. Typescript. Published in: Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918–1923, Yerevan, 1992, Document No. 290. (Emphasis added — Y.B.)

TELEGRAM FROM THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF ARMENIA

TO THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF AZERBAIJAN REGARDING THE ONGOING AGGRESSIVE ACTIONS OF AZERBAIJANI TROOPS IN KARABAKH No. 2398 — April 18, 1920

In response to your telegram No. 35, I must inform you that your information is entirely incorrect. The Government of Armenia fully shares the position of its delegation and has already issued all necessary directives, which are being implemented on the ground by Comrade Manasyan, Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs. He is instructed to contact your local authorities in case of any misunderstandings.

On our part, I urgently request that you inform us of the measures your government has taken in the Elizavetpol district and in Karabakh, where aggressive actions by Azerbaijani troops and armed bands continue. My government insists on the complete and immediate cessation of such actions.

On behalf of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Khatissian

Source: Central State Historical Archive of Armenia (CSHA), Fund 200, Inventory 1, File 528, Sheet 22. Typescript. Published in: Nagorno-Karabakh in 1918–1923, Yerevan, 1992, Document No. 290. (Emphasis added — Y.B.)

REPORT FROM THE CHIEF OF STAFF OF THE COMMANDER OF THE ARMENIAN FORCES

TO THE MINISTER OF WAR OF ARMENIA ON THE EXPANSIONIST POLICY OF THE AZERBAIJANI GOVERNMENT TOWARD NAGORNO-KARABAKH No. 284 — April 20, 1920

Following the withdrawal of Turkish forces from the Transcaucasus, Azerbaijan began persistently imposing its authority over Karabakh. Historically, freedom-loving Nagorno-Karabakh has never submitted to foreign yokes—neither to the tens of thousands of Persian troops under Ibrahim Khan in the past, nor to the recent, well-organized Turkish offensive. At a time when all of Armenian Transcaucasia was trampled by Turkish soldiers, when everything sacred was desecrated and the land soaked in blood, a small group of Armenians in Karabakh resolved to defend their hearths, to lay down their lives rather than allow the Turks to enter.

After the departure of Allied forces from the region, Azerbaijan feverishly prepared to extend its dominion over Karabakh, Zangezur, and the Nakhichevan district by any means necessary. According to a premeditated plan, coordinated uprisings emerged in Karabakh, Zangezur, and Nakhichevan. Turkish officers began arriving in Baku from Turkey. By mid-September of last year, Azerbaijan was preparing for an offensive against Zangezur. All military preparations were directed toward this goal, and the necessary orders had already been issued. A detachment was formed for the campaign, and instructions were given to Major General Shikhlinski, commander of the 1st Infantry Division. The Karabakh Governor-General personally pledged to supply the detachment with provisions. General Shikhlinski was tasked with linking Azerbaijan to the Sharur-Daralagyaz and Nakhichevan regions—and beyond that, to Turkey.

Azerbaijan skillfully used the press to prepare the ground and shape public opinion before launching its operations to subjugate the defiant. This pattern was evident in Karabakh, in Mughan, and in Zangezur, where—as previously noted—the 1st Infantry Division was deployed.

Instructions to the Karabakh Governor-General included assessing the number of Kurds fit for military service, from whom garrisons were to be formed and stationed in Zangezur. This intent was clearly expressed in the communication from the Chief of the General Staff to the Karabakh Governor-General dated September 7, No. 4007.

In its effort to subjugate Zangezur, Azerbaijan sought to unite with Turkish military units and leaders of the pan-Islamist movement. While these figures operated in Zangezur through their agents to influence the Muslim population, Azerbaijan—under the leadership of Enver Pasha—aimed for full coordination with Turkish forces stationed along the 1914 border. Such a union would allow Azerbaijan to strengthen its position, first through the promised delivery of Turkish military equipment via Zangezur, and later through direct deployment of Turkish troops.

Azerbaijan’s initial attempt to subdue the Armenian population of the Zangezur district from the direction of the Jebrail district in September ended in failure. The local Armenian population, organized into small detachments, mounted a strong resistance and inflicted heavy losses on Azerbaijani regular forces near the villages of Khoznavar, Bayandur, Dyg, and Zabukh.

After this setback, Azerbaijan intensified its preparations for combat operations. In October, it concentrated regular military units in the Shushi and Khankendi areas, including the 1st Jevanshir Infantry Regiment, the 2nd Karabakh Cavalry Regiment, the 3rd Sheki Cavalry Regiment, two composite battalions of the Zakatal Regiment, the 2nd Mountain Artillery Division, four howitzers, and one sapper company. The total strength of Muslim regular forces in the Zangezur district reached approximately 6,000 infantry, 800 cavalry, 400 Kurds, eight light and four howitzer artillery pieces. Including irregulars, their numbers approached 20,000.

In early November, Azerbaijan launched a formal offensive against Zangezur—an area populated by defiant Armenians—concentrating its forces under General Shikhlinski in three strategic points. The clash occurred on November 5, north of Gerusy, near the village of Khoznavar, Mount Kochaldagh, and elevation 8445. That day, Azerbaijani forces managed to occupy Khoznavar, Bayandur, the ruins of a mosque east of elevation 8448, and Mount Chaldagh. Simultaneously, they advanced on Gerusy from the front via the village of Dyg.

Despite the enemy’s numerical superiority, Armenian forces held firm and, the next day, launched a counteroffensive, decisively defeating the regular Tatar units and driving them from all positions with significant losses. Thirteen machine guns were captured, along with over 150 prisoners and many wounded. A large quantity of military supplies was also seized. The remnants of the defeated enemy retreated to Karabakh.

Thus, once again, Azerbaijan suffered a defeat and temporarily abandoned its objective of conquering the Zangezur district by force. As of November 10, a lull has settled over the region.

REPORT FROM THE HEAD OF THE INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT

SIGNED BY CAPTAIN DEVOYAN TO THE MINISTER OF WAR OF ARMENIA ON THE AZERBAIJANI GOVERNMENT’S MILITARY STRATEGY AND POLITICAL OBJECTIVES IN KARABAKH AND ZANGEZUR No. 284 — April 20, 1920

Following its defeat in Zangezur, Assistant Foreign Minister Khan Tekinski drafted a covert directive for the deployment of Turkish officers and askers to the Zangezur region. Their mission was to organize the local Tatar population and launch a rear assault on Zangezur in coordination with advancing Azerbaijani regular forces.

At the same time, Azerbaijan renewed its objective to cleanse the entire mountainous strip of the Elizavetpol Governorate (Jevanshir district) of Armenians, resettle these areas with Muslims, consolidate its control, disarm Karabakh, and ultimately subjugate Zangezur. The Azerbaijani government, viewing this as an urgent priority, mobilized all available resources to achieve its goal—whose final aim remained the immediate territorial link between Azerbaijan and Turkey via Nakhichevan.

The Ittihad Party, directing both foreign and domestic policy in Azerbaijan, resolved to stop at nothing and to act swiftly to eliminate all issues related to Armenia. In mid-January, at a party conference convened in Baku with the close involvement of Khalil and Nuri Pasha—who openly incited anti-Armenian violence—party chairman Dr. Kara-bey Karabekov (a native of Shushi) proposed a categorical demand to the government: to levy one billion rubles from Azerbaijan’s wealthy elite and transfer the funds to Nuri and Khalil Pasha for the formation of a large and powerful army (200,000 troops). On their advice, it was decided to invite Mustafa Kemal Pasha, leader of the Turkish national movement, to Baku and request that he provide a cadre of non-commissioned officers and a group of “reliable pan-Islamists” to finally end the “suffering of their long-persecuted co-religionists.”

To inflame public sentiment, the pashas pointed to alleged ongoing massacres of Tatars not only in Armenia but even in their native Zangezur, calling all Muslims to arms against the Armenian “giaours.” Based on these claims, the Azerbaijani government deliberately resettled Tatar refugees from the Erivan Governorate and parts of Zangezur into Armenian-populated areas such as Elizavetpol, Shushi, Yevlakh, and others.

Another argument used to justify urgent action in Karabakh and Zangezur was the assertion that Armenians would not allow Tatars to access their summer pastures, thereby condemning them, their families, and livestock to ruin. These preparations led to a worsening situation for Armenians, marked by renewed persecution and mass arrests—primarily targeting the intelligentsia. An economic boycott was imposed on the population of Karabakh. The Azerbaijani government issued an ultimatum to Karabakh representatives demanding the immediate expulsion of certain emissaries from the Armenian government, the complete disarmament of the population, and unobstructed entry of Tatar garrisons into the central villages of Dizak, Varayad, and Khtsaberd.

These demands directly violated Articles 1, 7, 15, and 16 of the August 22, 1919 agreement between the Azerbaijani government and representatives of the Armenian population of Karabakh—terms to which Armenians could not, under any circumstances, consent.

Nevertheless, feverish preparations for military operations continued. An expeditionary Zangezur detachment comprising all three branches of arms—5,000 troops, six field guns, and eight mountain artillery pieces—was dispatched to Karabakh.

A month before the offensive, Azerbaijan began terrorizing the Armenian population of the Elizavetpol highlands through raids, looting, and killings. Azerbaijani forces burned the Armenian villages of Karachinar, Manaskend, Gakhrut, Kharkhaput, Nerkinshen, Verishen, Gulistan, Narte, Erkedj, Manashen, Buzlukh, Armavir, and Karabulag. Most residents of these villages were massacred; some managed to escape into the forests.

The August 22 agreement failed to resolve the Karabakh question. The armed Armenian region, administered by Azerbaijani Tatars, maintained a fragile equilibrium throughout the winter only because the Karabakh Armenians—favored by the season—refrained from action, hoping to avoid bloodshed that could engulf all of Azerbaijan and trusting that the Paris Peace Conference would resolve the issue by spring.

However, with the first signs of spring, Azerbaijan moved to settle the Karabakh question by force. On March 11 and 12, ninety railcars loaded with troops of all branches were dispatched from Baku to Karabakh and Zangezur via Jebrail. The disarmament of Karabakh was declared. Faced with grave consequences, Armenians could not surrender their weapons voluntarily. When Azerbaijan failed to comply with Allied demands to withdraw its forces from Karabakh (troops remained in the Jebrail district), Armenians began resisting.

By March 12, troops were being sent not only toward Karabakh and Terter but also toward Kazakh. During this period, Baku’s Defense Committee met frequently to discuss joint military action with Turkish forces against Armenia.

In mid-March, Azerbaijan, acting on its ultimatum, began disarming Karabakh and, having concentrated its forces, launched a general offensive against Karabakh and Zangezur.

Azerbaijani forces advanced in three directions: from Minkend toward Gerusy, from Kerlar toward Ali-Kuli-Ushagi (aiming to sever Kapan from Zangezur), and from Jebrail. In the first two directions, all enemy attacks were repelled and the offensive halted. In the Kapan sector, local self-defense forces were pushed back, and the strategic heights of Ayndag, Khanaga, and Gardiz fell into enemy hands.

Reinforcements from Gerusy drove back the enemy, restored the situation, and the Armenian population launched a counteroffensive. With a decisive thrust, they broke through the enemy front and advanced, establishing contact with the Karabakh population, which had already taken Askeran and surrounded Tatar garrisons in Khankendi and Shushi. Tatars transferred from Baku to Jebrail suffered a complete defeat (5th and 7th Azerbaijani regiments), and approximately 8,000 Armenians were massacred in Shushi.

It is noteworthy that Azerbaijan conducts military operations within the borders of Armenia, persistently pursuing its plan to unite with Turkey, while officially denying that it is at war with Armenia.

Signed: Head of the Intelligence Department, Captain Devoyan

Source: Central State Historical Archive of Armenia (CSHA), Fund 200, Inventory 1, File 427, Sheets 240–242 verso. Copy. Typescript. Published in: Vestnik Arkhivov Armenii, 1989, No. 1, pp. 113–117. 404

Yuri Barsegov “Nagorno-Karabakh in International Law and Global Politics”

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