A New Stage of the Karabakh Conflict, 1988

The Renewal of the Demand for Self-Determination in Nagorno-Karabakh and the Second War of Azerbaijan Against the Armenian People of Nagorno-Karabakh (1992–1994). Normative Materials Relating to Settlement

No. 718 Conclusion of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the Results of Reviewing Appeals from Workers Demanding the Annexation of Nagorno-Karabakh to the Armenian SSR Moscow, November 23, 1977

As a result of a number of historical circumstances, several decades ago Nagorno-Karabakh was artificially annexed to Azerbaijan. In doing so, the historical past of the region, its national composition, the will of the people, and its economic interests were not taken into account. Decades have passed, yet the question of Karabakh continues to arise, causing anxiety and moments of ill-will between two neighboring peoples bound by centuries of friendship. Nagorno-Karabakh (“Artsakh” in Armenian) must be annexed to the Armenian SSR. Only then will everything fall into its rightful place.

PAAF IML, f. 1, op. 25, d. 42. Letters from the Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR, Nakhichevan ASSR, NKAO. Proposals and remarks of workers. Protocol of the session, No. 61. 11–4133. (Emphasis ours – Yu.B.).

No. 719 Decision of the Extraordinary Session of the 20th Convocation of the Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO on Petitioning the Supreme Soviets of the Azerbaijani SSR and the Armenian SSR Regarding the Transfer of the NKAO from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR Stepanakert, February 20, 1988

Having heard and discussed the speeches of deputies of the Regional Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO on petitioning the Supreme Soviets of the Azerbaijani SSR and the Armenian SSR regarding the transfer of the NKAO from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR, the extraordinary session of the Nagorno-Karabakh Regional Council of People’s Deputies resolved, in response to the wishes of the workers of the NKAO, to request that the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR and the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR show deep understanding of the aspirations of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh and resolve the issue of transferring the NKAO from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR. At the same time, to petition the Supreme Soviet of the Union for a positive resolution of the question of transferring the NKAO from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR.

Newspaper Soviet Karabakh (Stepanakert), February 21, 1988. (Emphasis ours – Yu.B.).

No. 720 Resolution of the Plenum of the Nagorno-Karabakh Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan on Supporting the Demands of the Population of the Autonomous Region Regarding the Annexation of the NKAO to the Armenian SSR Stepanakert, March 17, 1988

The Plenum of the Nagorno-Karabakh Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan resolves: expressing the aspirations of the Armenian population of the autonomous region and the will of the overwhelming majority of the communists of Nagorno-Karabakh, to request that the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU consider and positively resolve the question of annexing the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region to the Armenian SSR, thereby correcting the historical error made in the early 1920s in determining the territorial affiliation of Karabakh.

Newspaper Soviet Karabakh (Stepanakert), March 18, 1988. (Emphasis ours – Yu.B.).

No. 721 Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR on the Petition of Deputies of the Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO Regarding the Transfer of the Region from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR Baku, June 13, 1988

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR notes that the legal status of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, in accordance with the Constitution of the USSR and the Constitution of the Azerbaijani SSR, is defined by the “Law on the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region,” adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR upon the proposal of the Regional Council of People’s Deputies.

This status makes it possible in practice to meet the economic, social, and spiritual needs of representatives of all nations and nationalities of the NKAO. At the same time, the situation in Nagorno-Karabakh and the problems troubling the workers show that serious shortcomings have been allowed in the governance of the region until recently, and the national characteristics of the population have not been fully taken into account.

The resolution adopted by the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on March 24, 1988, “On Measures to Accelerate the Socio-Economic Development of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of the Azerbaijani SSR in 1988–1995,” together with the measures implemented by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan and the Council of Ministers of the republic, create favorable conditions for accelerating the development of the productive forces of the NKAO.

Having thoroughly considered the request of the deputies of the Council of People’s Deputies of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region regarding the transfer of the NKAO from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR deems it unacceptable, since its implementation would contradict the interests of both the Azerbaijani and Armenian populations of the republic, would not serve the tasks of strengthening the friendship of all peoples of our country, nor the goals of perestroika.

The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet expresses firm confidence that the Azerbaijani and Armenian peoples, in response to the appeal of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Comrade M.S. Gorbachev, will do everything to preserve and strengthen friendship and brotherhood, and to make a worthy contribution to the revolutionary renewal of socialist society.

Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR S. Tatliyev

Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR R. Kazieva

Newspaper Bakinsky Rabochy (Baku), June 14, 1988.

Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR

On the Decision of the Extraordinary Session of the Regional Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO of the Azerbaijani SSR of February 20, 1988 “On Petitioning the Supreme Soviets of the Azerbaijani SSR and the Armenian SSR Regarding the Transfer of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR”

Yerevan, June 15, 1988

The Supreme Soviet of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic resolves:

1. Having thoroughly studied the decision of the extraordinary session of the Regional Council of People’s Deputies of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of the Azerbaijani SSR of February 20, 1988, and taking into account the tense situation in and around Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as the will of the Armenian population of the NKAO and of the Armenian SSR, and guided by Article 70 of the Constitution of the USSR on the right of nations to free self-determination, to give consent to the incorporation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region into the Armenian SSR.
2. To request that the Supreme Soviet of the USSR consider and positively resolve the question of transferring the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR.
3. The Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR, in addressing the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR, expresses the hope that such a decision will not disrupt the traditionally good-neighborly relations between the two republics and that it will be received with understanding by the Azerbaijani people.

Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR G. Voskanian

Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR N. Stepanyan

Newspaper Kommunist (Yerevan), June 16, 1988. (Emphasis ours – Yu.B.).

No. 723

Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR On the Condemnation of the Atrocities Committed in the City of Sumgait of the Azerbaijani SSR

Yerevan, June 15, 1988

The Supreme Soviet of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic condemns the atrocities committed against the Armenian population in the city of Sumgait in February 1988.

The Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR expresses its deepest condolences to the families and relatives of the victims and extends sympathy to those who suffered.

Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR G. Voskanian

Secretary of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR N. Stepanyan

Newspaper Kommunist (Yerevan), June 16, 1988.

Decision of the Extraordinary Session of the Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO of the 20th Convocation

On the Situation in the Region and Measures for Its Stabilization

Stepanakert, June 21, 1988

1. At its extraordinary session of February 20, 1988, the Council of People’s Deputies of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, responding to the wishes of the workers of the NKAO, requested that the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR and the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR show deep understanding of the aspirations of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh and resolve the issue of transferring the NKAO from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR, while simultaneously petitioning the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for a positive resolution of this matter.

On June 13, 1988, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR, and on June 17, 1988, the Seventh Session of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR of the XI Convocation, reviewed the matter and found it unacceptable. A detailed and thorough examination of the resolutions and decisions of the highest organs of state power of the Azerbaijani SSR on this issue leads to the unequivocal conclusion that both the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR and the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR have misunderstood the meaning and content of the decision of the Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO of February 20, 1988. Their response declaring the decision unacceptable resembles more a hasty dismissal than a legal act of the highest organs of state power of a Soviet Socialist Republic. Otherwise, the refusal to recognize an act aimed at implementing Lenin’s principle of the free self-determination of nations is wholly incompatible with the authority of the highest organs of state power of a Soviet Socialist Republic.

2. The Council of People’s Deputies of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region expresses its disagreement with the resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR of June 13, 1988, and with the decision of the Seventh Session of the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijani SSR of June 17, 1988, “On the Petition of the Deputies of the Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO Regarding the Transfer of the Region from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR.” Taking into account the tense situation, expressing the will of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh, and proceeding from the necessity of consistently implementing the Leninist principle of the right of nations to free self-determination, which underlies the national-state structure of our unified multinational Union, the Council deems it necessary once again to appeal directly to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with the request to carefully consider the decision of the session of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR of June 15, 1988, which gave consent to accept the NKAO into the Armenian SSR, together with the decision of the session of the Regional Council of People’s Deputies of February 20, 1988, “On the Transfer of the NKAO from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR,” and to resolve the matter positively.

For the purpose of stabilizing the extraordinary situation in the region and returning to a normal rhythm of labor, the Council requests that the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, until the final and positive resolution of the question of Nagorno-Karabakh, temporarily— as the only acceptable option at this stage— place the autonomous region under the authority of the government of the USSR within the shortest possible time.

3. The Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO petitions the Supreme Court of the USSR, taking into account the necessity of a principled political and legal assessment of the events in the city of Sumgait of the Azerbaijani SSR, the malicious distortion of the essence of the mass state crimes committed there—banditry and mass disorders—and the attempt by the Supreme Court of the Azerbaijani SSR to present them as murders committed out of hooligan motives. Considering also that the atrocities of the Sumgait pogromists, incompatible with the principles of socialism, have already inflicted enormous damage on the political and moral life of the Azerbaijani and Armenian peoples and on their traditional good-neighborly relations, and guided by Paragraph 1 of Article 27 of the Law of the USSR on the Supreme Court of the USSR, the Council requests that the Supreme Court take into its jurisdiction the criminal cases concerning these crimes, thoroughly and objectively review them as a court of first instance, and deliver a severe but just verdict in the name of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
4. To approve the text of the appeal of the participants of this session addressed to the XIX All-Union Party Conference.
5. The Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO calls upon the workers of the region to restore everywhere the rhythm of normal work in enterprises, organizations, collective farms, and state farms, to mobilize all efforts to make up for the delays in branches of the national economy, and to greet the XIX Party Conference with the normalization of the labor rhythm.

Newspaper Soviet Karabakh (Stepanakert), June 23, 1988.

Decision of the Eighth Session of the Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO of the 20th Convocation

“On the Proclamation of the Secession of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region from the Azerbaijani SSR”

Stepanakert, July 12, 1988

[…] Among the pressing tasks in this sphere, a special place is occupied by the problem of Nagorno-Karabakh, which arose from the national injustice committed on July 5, 1921, with the direct participation of Stalin, when Nagorno-Karabakh—whose indigenous population was 94.6% Armenian—was incorporated into the Azerbaijani SSR without regard for the will of the people. This problem intensified and deepened over subsequent decades, when, through deliberate and systematic actions of the Azerbaijani leadership, Armenian educational institutions and cultural centers in the cities and districts of the republic were closed, historical monuments were destroyed, and the history of the Armenian people was falsified. For the sake of survival, Armenians were forced to abandon the homeland of their ancestors and seek refuge in various regions of the Soviet Union […]

The problem of Nagorno-Karabakh can only be resolved by seceding from the Azerbaijani SSR and joining the Armenian SSR.

Proceeding from the above, the Council of People’s Deputies of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region RESOLVED:

1. Taking into account the existing situation, to once again emphasize the following: expressing the sovereign will of the overwhelming majority of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh and proceeding from the necessity of consistently implementing the Leninist principle of the right of nations to free self-determination, which underlies the national-state structure of our unified multinational Union, to proclaim the secession of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region from the Azerbaijani SSR.
2. Considering that in recent times the situation in the autonomous region has become extremely aggravated, and taking into account that ties with the Azerbaijani SSR have been practically severed, the Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO regards as the only acceptable solution for the region the implementation of the decision of the session of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR of June 15, 1988, on the question of Nagorno-Karabakh.
3. The Council of People’s Deputies of the NKAO expresses the hope that the incorporation of Nagorno-Karabakh into the Armenian SSR will be received with understanding by the workers and peoples of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
4. To instruct the Executive Committee of the Nagorno-Karabakh Regional Council of People’s Deputies to initiate, in the prescribed manner, a petition for the renaming of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region into the Artsakh Autonomous Region.

Acting Chairman of the Nagorno-Karabakh Regional Executive Committee Sh.M. Petrosyan

Secretary of the Nagorno-Karabakh Regional Executive Committee R.V. Khachiyan

Newspaper Soviet Karabakh (Stepanakert), July 13, 1988

No. 726

Report on the Meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and Its Adoption of a Resolution on Introducing a Special Form of Administration in the NKAO

January 12, 1989

On January 12, [1989], in the Kremlin, under the chairmanship of the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, M.S. Gorbachev, a meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was held.

[…] The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR discussed the situation that had developed in and around Nagorno-Karabakh and heard reports on this matter from the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, A.R.Kh. Vezirov, and the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Armenia, S.G. Arutyunyan. Taking into account the proposals of the party and state organs of the Azerbaijani SSR and the Armenian SSR, as well as of the Commission of the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and in order to prevent further aggravation of interethnic relations and to stabilize the situation in this region, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, in accordance with the Constitution of the USSR, deemed it expedient to temporarily introduce a special form of administration in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, while preserving the status of Nagorno-Karabakh as an autonomous region within the Azerbaijani SSR.

[…]

Newspaper Pravda (Moscow), January 13, 1989 727

Yuri Barsegov “Nagorno-Karabakh in International Law and Global Politics”

Artatsolum

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